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変顔が得意な馬の「本当の気持ち」を知る実験


人間同士であれば、目や口のわずかな動きから、その人が今どんな気持ちなのかを推察することができます。

しかし動物が相手であれば、表情の変化が分かったとしても、それがどのような心理状態を表すのか理解するのは難しいでしょう。

それは、表情が豊かなイメージの「ウマ」でさえ同様です。

ニュージーランドのリンカーン大学(Lincoln University)生命科学部に所属するクレア・リッチ・ボノット氏ら研究チームは、ウマが失望したりイライラしたりする時の独特の表情を見分けることに成功しました。

この結果は、騎手や調教師がウマの精神的健康を管理するのに役立つでしょう。

研究の詳細は、2023年6月2日付の科学誌『Applied Animal Behaviour Science』に掲載されました。

目次

  • 馬の表情から心理状態を正しく理解するのは難しい
  • ウマの「イライラ」や「失望」と関連する独特のサインを発見

馬の表情から心理状態を正しく理解するのは難しい

「ウマの表情」といえば、競走馬「ゴールドシップ」の変顔を思い出す人も少なくないかもしれません。

普段はスマートで美しい顔ですが、時折見せる表情の変化の大きさに驚かされます。

白目になったり、顎を歪ませて舌を出したりする様子を見て、思わず笑ってしまう人も多かったはず。

こうした変顔の強烈なイメージから、「ウマの気持ちは理解しやすい」と、なんとなく考えてしまうかもしれません。

しかし実際はそうではないようです。

研究者であるリッチ・ボノット氏は、「ウマの身体的健康の状態を評価するのは簡単です。しかし、精神的健康を評価するのはより困難です」と述べています。

ウマが「変顔」と言えるほど豊かな表情を見せたとしても、それらがどんな感情を意味するのか正しく理解していなければ、ウマの管理に役立てるのは難しいのです。

ウマは変顔が得意!?だが、「本当の気持ち」は誤解されがち
Credit:Canva

しかも感情を汲み取るための重要な要素が、「人間から見た大きな変化」だとは限りません。

口や耳などのわずかな動きがウマの心理状態をよく表している場合もあるでしょう。

実際、リッチ・ボノット氏によると、「ウマは社交的な動物であり、微妙な視覚信号で仲間とコミュニケーションをとれる」ようです。

そして、「ウマの表情に関する人間の理解の多くは科学的根拠に基づいておらず、ほとんどの場合、誤解されていたり、見落とされていたりする」のです。

そこで、リッチ・ボノット氏ら研究チームは、ウマの表情から、期待・イライラ・失望を正しく理解するために「エサのおあずけ実験」を行いました。

ウマの「イライラ」や「失望」と関連する独特のサインを発見

透明パネルと不透明パネルが供えられた特殊な給餌器を使用
Credit:Claire Ricci-Bonot(Lincoln University)et al., Applied Animal Behaviour Science(2023)

この実験には、31頭のオスとメスのウマ(2~23歳)が参加し、透明パネルと不透明パネルが備わった特殊な給餌器が用いられました。

まず、ウマが見守っている中、透明パネルで蓋をされた給餌器(餌箱)に餌が注がれます。

そして10秒後に透明なパネルの蓋が取り除かれ、ウマが餌を食べられるようになります。

10秒後に透明パネル(黒色)が取り除かれる。その間、期待が高まる
Credit:Claire Ricci-Bonot(Lincoln University)et al., Applied Animal Behaviour Science(2023)

これを繰り返すことで、ウマは10秒後にエサにありつけることを学習し、この10秒間に「期待」の感情が高まると考えられます。

その後チームは、2つの実験を行いました。

1つ目は「イライラ」を調べる実験で、10秒経っても透明パネルが取り除かれませんでした。

10秒経っても透明パネル(黒色)が取り除かれない。ウマはイライラが溜まる
Credit:Claire Ricci-Bonot(Lincoln University)et al., Applied Animal Behaviour Science(2023)

そのためウマは、餌が見えているにも関わらず食べることができず、イライラを募らせると考えられます。

2つ目は「失望」を調べる実験で、透明な蓋は取り除かれるものの、代わりに餌の上に別の不透明な蓋をして、ウマが餌箱を覗き込むと中身が空のような状態にしてしまいます。

10秒後、透明パネル(黒色)は取り除かれるが、エサは不透明パネル(黄色)で隠される。ウマは失望する
Credit:Claire Ricci-Bonot(Lincoln University)et al., Applied Animal Behaviour Science(2023)

エサにありつけると期待していたウマは、いざ食べようとすると餌が無いため、期待が裏切られ、失望すると考えられます。

そして研究チームは、これらの実験中にウマの表情をビデオカメラで記録し、ウマの行動と顔面の筋肉の収縮を発見するシステムで分析しました。

その結果、ウマの「イライラ」と「失望」では、表情が大きく異なると判明しました。

イライラ状態のウマは、白目を多く見せ、耳を回転させたり、頭を左に向けたりする傾向がありました。

また「給餌器を噛む」という行動も見られました。

イライラ(上)と失望(下)で表情や頭の動きに大きな違いが出た
Credit:Claire Ricci-Bonot(Lincoln University)et al., Applied Animal Behaviour Science(2023)

一方、失望状態のウマでは、瞬きが増加する、鼻孔が上がる、舌を出す、咀嚼行動が増える、などの傾向が見られ、給餌器を噛むのではなく、舐めることが多かったようです。

さらにチームは、オスよりもメスの方が失望状態で瞬きが多い、という性差を発見することもできました。

失望もイライラも同じくネガティブな感情ですが、ウマの表情にははっきりと違いが表れていたのです。

ちなみに、今回の研究にはいくつかの限界があります。

まず、ウマがエサを待っている10秒間で感じているはずの「期待」は、ウマの表情から見分けることができませんでした。

そもそも馬の期待は表情に表れにくいのか、それともウマが抱く「食べ物に対する期待」がそこまで大きくなかったのか、謎のままです。

研究を続けることで、表情から「ウマの本当の気持ち」を理解できるはず
Credit:Canva

さらに今回の実験で得られた感情(イライラ・失望)と表情の関連性は、給餌にのみ適用されるかもしれません。

給餌以外の別の状況では実験を行っていないので、「同じ感情でも場面によって表情が異なるのか否か」はまだ知ることができていません。

今回の結果でも、確かにイライラしたから箱を舐めると考えるよりは、餌への未練で舐めていると考えるほうが自然かもしれません。

とはいえ今回の実験から、ウマにも心理状態の微妙な違いがあり、人間でも表情で判別できることが一部示されました。

今後研究を続けていくことで、ウマが嫌がることや恐れていることをより正確に理解できるようになるでしょう。

そうすることでウマの精神的な健康をサポートし、騎手の安全を損なう状況を回避するのに役立てていけるはずです。

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参考文献

Straight from the horse’s mouth: Researchers find horses have distinct facial expressions when they feel disappointed or frustrated after keeping food from them https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-12179915/Researchers-horses-distinct-facial-expressions-feel-disappointed-frustrated.html Horses have complex emotions, but interpreting them has proven difficult https://www.earth.com/news/horses-have-complex-emotions-but-interpreting-them-has-proven-difficult/ A horse’s look of frustration is different to that of disappointment, researchers find https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2023/06/11/horse-frustration-disappointment-researchers/

元論文

Recognising the facial expression of frustration in the horse during feeding period https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159123001387
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    Function: render

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    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 248
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 184
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 186
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 156
    Function: process

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    Function: instanceBlock

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    Function: content_66f26b3cb92fa0_94546305

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
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    Function: endChild

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    Line: 123
    Function: content_675a781dcbf339_49719938

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 238
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _execute

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/libraries/SmartyLibrary.php
    Line: 45
    Function: fetch

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/controllers/ArticleController.php
    Line: 32
    Function: view

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/public/index.php
    Line: 292
    Function: require_once

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    Line Number: 41

    Backtrace:

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/08d1cc69876d91563afb9c1f4d21cc8b7b96caa4_0.file.tips.tpl.php
    Line: 41
    Function: _error_handler

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d14aa11_83151422

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/d064ec4523cd2f49c67136b7b84705846d19c90b_0.file.side.tpl.php
    Line: 43
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b47775ef5_14228348

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 416
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 248
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 184
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 186
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 156
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/fbdaa42e51518f8881faeabdc1199f6dd175d1ce_0.file.base_index_layout.tpl.php
    Line: 88
    Function: instanceBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3cb92fa0_94546305

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 71
    Function: endChild

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_675a781dcbf339_49719938

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 238
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _execute

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/libraries/SmartyLibrary.php
    Line: 45
    Function: fetch

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/controllers/ArticleController.php
    Line: 32
    Function: view

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/public/index.php
    Line: 292
    Function: require_once

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    Severity: Notice

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    Filename: smarty/49292b3df7e5bd60f7381ff16c5ca4532cf9476f_0.file.card.tpl.php

    Line Number: 24

    Backtrace:

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/49292b3df7e5bd60f7381ff16c5ca4532cf9476f_0.file.card.tpl.php
    Line: 24
    Function: _error_handler

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d136f97_11902452

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 384
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/08d1cc69876d91563afb9c1f4d21cc8b7b96caa4_0.file.tips.tpl.php
    Line: 41
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d14aa11_83151422

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/d064ec4523cd2f49c67136b7b84705846d19c90b_0.file.side.tpl.php
    Line: 43
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b47775ef5_14228348

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 416
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 248
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 184
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 186
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 156
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/fbdaa42e51518f8881faeabdc1199f6dd175d1ce_0.file.base_index_layout.tpl.php
    Line: 88
    Function: instanceBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3cb92fa0_94546305

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 71
    Function: endChild

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_675a781dcbf339_49719938

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 238
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _execute

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/libraries/SmartyLibrary.php
    Line: 45
    Function: fetch

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/controllers/ArticleController.php
    Line: 32
    Function: view

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/public/index.php
    Line: 292
    Function: require_once

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    Severity: Notice

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    Filename: smarty/49292b3df7e5bd60f7381ff16c5ca4532cf9476f_0.file.card.tpl.php

    Line Number: 29

    Backtrace:

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/49292b3df7e5bd60f7381ff16c5ca4532cf9476f_0.file.card.tpl.php
    Line: 29
    Function: _error_handler

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d136f97_11902452

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 384
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/08d1cc69876d91563afb9c1f4d21cc8b7b96caa4_0.file.tips.tpl.php
    Line: 41
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d14aa11_83151422

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/d064ec4523cd2f49c67136b7b84705846d19c90b_0.file.side.tpl.php
    Line: 43
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b47775ef5_14228348

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 416
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 248
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 184
    Function: callBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 186
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 156
    Function: process

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/fbdaa42e51518f8881faeabdc1199f6dd175d1ce_0.file.base_index_layout.tpl.php
    Line: 88
    Function: instanceBlock

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3cb92fa0_94546305

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_runtime_inheritance.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
    Line: 71
    Function: endChild

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_675a781dcbf339_49719938

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 238
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php
    Line: 116
    Function: _execute

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/libraries/SmartyLibrary.php
    Line: 45
    Function: fetch

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/controllers/ArticleController.php
    Line: 32
    Function: view

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/public/index.php
    Line: 292
    Function: require_once

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    Severity: Notice

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    Filename: smarty/08d1cc69876d91563afb9c1f4d21cc8b7b96caa4_0.file.tips.tpl.php

    Line Number: 41

    Backtrace:

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/08d1cc69876d91563afb9c1f4d21cc8b7b96caa4_0.file.tips.tpl.php
    Line: 41
    Function: _error_handler

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b3d14aa11_83151422

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/d064ec4523cd2f49c67136b7b84705846d19c90b_0.file.side.tpl.php
    Line: 43
    Function: _subTemplateRender

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php
    Line: 123
    Function: content_66f26b47775ef5_14228348

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php
    Line: 114
    Function: getRenderedTemplateCode

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 217
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/third_party/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php
    Line: 386
    Function: render

    File: /www/wwwroot/homev2.kingsoft.jp/application/cache/smarty/597cefa22c7600eaa32b117569a9685c70819274_0.file.show.tpl.php
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